Unit 4 Natural Disasters-Discovering Useful Structures教案

【教材分析】

This teaching period mainly deals with the grammar:the restrictive relative clauses.

This period carries considerable significance tothe cultivation of students’ writing competence and lays a solid foundation forthe basic appreciation of language beauty. The teacher is expected to enablestudents to master this period thoroughly and consolidate the knowledge by doingsome exercise of good quality.

課件教案

【教學(xué)目標(biāo)與核心素養(yǎng)】

1. Get students to have a good understanding of thebasic usages of the restrictive relative clauses.

2. Enable students to use the restrictive relativeclauses flexibly.

3. Develop students’ speaking and cooperating abilities.

4. Strengthen students’ great interest in grammar learning.

【教學(xué)重難點(diǎn)】

How to enable students to have a good understandingof the restrictive relative clauses, especially the uses of the relative wordssuch as which, that, who, whom.

【教學(xué)過(guò)程】

Step1: 語(yǔ)法知識(shí)呈現(xiàn)

定語(yǔ)從句（一）—關(guān)系代詞的用法

在復(fù)合句中, 修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句通常由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，說(shuō)明事物的具體信息，從句位于被修飾詞之后。被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，關(guān)系詞指代先行詞，并在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)成分。關(guān)系詞有兩種：關(guān)系代詞who, whom ,whose, that, which, as和關(guān)系副詞when, where, why。

根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的關(guān)系，可將定語(yǔ)從句分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，限制性定語(yǔ)從句是整個(gè)句子不可缺少的部分，如果省略會(huì)影響全句的主要意思，這種定語(yǔ)從句前面不用逗號(hào)隔開；而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的作用是對(duì)所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明, 通常和主句用逗號(hào)隔開，將從句去掉后句子的意思仍然完整，譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句常單獨(dú)譯成一句話，除了that和why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，其他關(guān)系詞的用法和限制性定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系詞的用法相同。

一、判斷定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞的方法：

如果名詞或代詞后有一個(gè)句子，并且該名詞或代詞在句子中充當(dāng)成分，則該句子就是定語(yǔ)從句。主要按照以下三步來(lái)判斷：

1.找準(zhǔn)先行詞（定語(yǔ)從句前的名詞或代詞）。

2.把先行詞還原到定語(yǔ)從句中，看充當(dāng)什么成分。

3.根據(jù)先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞忠约熬湟鈦?lái)選用適當(dāng)?shù)囊龑?dǎo)詞。

如果先行詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，則用關(guān)系代詞，關(guān)系代詞主要有who, whom ,whose, that, which, as。

二、關(guān)系代詞的基本用法

指代

關(guān)系代詞以及在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?/p>

例句

1.人

who(主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ))

whom(賓語(yǔ))

that(主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ))

The man who/that is speaking at the meeting is a famous scientist.（作is speaking的主語(yǔ)）

在會(huì)上講話的人是一位著名的科學(xué)家。

He who/that does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.（作does not reach的主語(yǔ)）

不到長(zhǎng)城非好漢。

This is the famous scientist (who/whom/that) we visited last week.（作visited的賓語(yǔ)）

這就是我們上周拜訪的那位著名科學(xué)家。

2.物

that(主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ))

which(主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ))

He finally worked out the problem which/ that puzzled him for a long time.（作puzzled的主語(yǔ)）

他最后解出了這個(gè)令他困惑很久的問(wèn)題。

The fish (that/which) we bought yesterday were not fresh. （作bought的賓語(yǔ)）

我們昨天買的魚不新鮮。

3.人的；

物的

whose(定語(yǔ))

They rushed over to help the man whose car broke down. （whose car=the man’s car，作定語(yǔ)，修飾car）

他們跑過(guò)去幫助那個(gè)汽車拋錨的人。

There is a mountain whose top is always covered with snow.( whose top=the mountain’s top，作定語(yǔ)，修飾top)

有一座山頂常年被雪覆蓋的山。

4.句子

（在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中）

which(主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ))

as(主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ))

The weather turned out very good, which was more than we could expect.（which指代“天氣最后晴朗起來(lái)”，作was的主語(yǔ)）

天氣最后晴朗起來(lái)，這是我們沒有料到的。

As everyone knows, China is a beautiful country with a long history.（As指代“中國(guó)是一個(gè)有著悠久歷史的美麗國(guó)家”，作knows的賓語(yǔ)）

每個(gè)人都知道，中國(guó)是一個(gè)有著悠久歷史的美麗國(guó)家。

三、關(guān)系代詞易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)：

1.關(guān)系代詞的省略

關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，不可省略；做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中可以省略，在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中不可省略。

Is he the man who /that wants to see you?

（作wants的主語(yǔ)不可省略）

他就是那個(gè)想見你的人嗎？

Hangzhou is a beautiful city(that/which)I always want to visit.（在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作visit的賓語(yǔ)，可以省略）

杭州是我總想?yún)⒂^的一個(gè)美麗城市。

Hangzhou ,which I visited last week, is a beautiful city.（在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作visited的賓語(yǔ)，不可省略）

杭州是一個(gè)美麗的城市，我上周去參觀過(guò)。

2.從句中代詞的重復(fù)多余

定語(yǔ)從句中的引導(dǎo)詞指代先行詞，并在從句中作成分，從句中不能再出現(xiàn)指代該先行詞的代詞。

The book that I read it yesterday is very interesting.（）

The book that I read yesterday is very interesting.（√）

我昨天讀的那本書很有趣。

This is the woman who I met her last time.（）

This is the woman who I met last time.（√）

這就是我上次遇見的婦女。

3.關(guān)系代詞和代詞的誤用

定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞要用關(guān)系代詞，而不能用一般代詞。

This is the boy he told me a story yesterday.（）

This is the boy who told me a story yesterday.（√）

這就是昨天給我講故事的男孩。

This is the boy his father is our headmaster.（）

This is the boy whose father is our headmaster.（√）

這就是這個(gè)男孩，他的爸爸是我們的校長(zhǎng)。

4.what不引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句

定語(yǔ)從句中有關(guān)系代詞that和which ，而沒有what ，what 可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。

All that we need is a supply of oil. (that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞all)

What we need is a supply of oil. (what引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句)

我們需要的是石油供應(yīng)。

5.that不引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句（用逗號(hào)隔開）

在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，不能用關(guān)系代詞that。如果指代“人”，用關(guān)系代詞who/ whom，指代“物”，用關(guān)系代詞which。

The basketball star, who tried to make a comeback, attracted lots of attention. 這位打算復(fù)出的籃球明星引起了很多關(guān)注。

Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a beautiful city. 中國(guó)的首都北京是座美麗的城市。

He has become a doctor, which he wanted to be.

他成為了一名醫(yī)生，這是他以前一直夢(mèng)想的。

6.介詞+which/whom

先行詞在從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)，若介詞提前，指代物時(shí)，只能用which，不用that；指代人時(shí)，只能用whom，而不用who。介詞不提前時(shí)，用that/which, who /whom都可以。

I have the book about which you are talking.

= I have the book (that/ which) you are talking about.

我有你現(xiàn)在談?wù)摰哪潜緯?/p>

The man with whom I talked just now is from Beijing University.

= The man (who/ whom/ that) I talked with just now is from Beijing University.

剛才和我談話的那個(gè)人是從北京大學(xué)來(lái)的。

7.whose+n.

= the+n

+of which

=of which

+the+n.

whose+n.可與the+n +of which

互換，而且of which也可置于名詞之前，名詞之前必須有定冠詞the。

I live in the room whose window faces south.( whose window=the room’s window)

I live in the room the window of which / of which the window faces south.( the window of which= the window of the room)

我住在窗子朝南開的房間里。

8. 定語(yǔ)從句中的主謂一致：

關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)通常與先行詞在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。

注意：當(dāng)先行詞為“one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時(shí)定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；當(dāng)先行詞為“the (only/very)one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時(shí)定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。

He is a good student who likes to help others.

他是一個(gè)樂于助人的好學(xué)生。

They are good students who like to help others.

他們是樂于助人的好學(xué)生。

He is one of the students who were praised.

他是一個(gè)受到表?yè)P(yáng)的學(xué)生之一。

He is the one/ the only one of the students who was praised.他是唯一一個(gè)受到表?yè)P(yáng)的學(xué)生。

四、易混的關(guān)系代詞辨析：

（一）that和which

1.用that，不用which的情況

①當(dāng)先行詞為不定代詞：everything, anything, nothing, all, any, much, many, some, few, little, none等或當(dāng)先行詞被no, some, any, all, much, little等詞修飾時(shí)，只能用that。

To get the job started, all that I need is your permission.要開始工作，我所需要的是你的許可。

Is there anything that I can do for you?

有什么要我做的事嗎?
He answered few questions that were asked by the reporters.他幾乎沒有回答記者提問(wèn)的問(wèn)題。

②當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the very, the same等詞修飾時(shí)。

That’s the only thing that we can do now.目前我們只能這樣了。

This is the very pen that I am looking for.這正是我找的鋼筆。

He still lives in the same house that we visited ten years ago.他還住在十年前我們參觀的同一座房子里。

③當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。

This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store.

這是這家書店售出的最有趣的書之一。

The first thing that should be done is to get some food.該做的第一件事是弄點(diǎn)吃的。

④當(dāng)先行詞中同時(shí)包括人和物時(shí)。